The International Year of Quantum Science and Technology has highlighted significant advancements in the field, prompting a discussion on the challenges and opportunities that lie ahead. On November 5, 2025, four emerging leaders in quantum technology convened at the Royal Institution in London during the conference titled “Quantum Science and Technology: The First 100 Years; Our Quantum Future.” Organized by the Institute of Physics, this event was part of a week-long series focused on quantum-related topics in the UK.
The speakers, including industry representatives and academic leaders, addressed various technical challenges while emphasizing the importance of cultivating a robust “skills pipeline.” This workforce is essential to ensure that the quantum sector is equipped with the talent necessary to meet growing demands. Moreover, they highlighted the need for effective communication regarding the complexities and potential of quantum technology, targeting not just the general public but also industrialists, government officials, and investors.
Nicole Gillett, a senior software engineer at Riverlane, discussed her work on quantum error correction, a vital component for developing fault-tolerant quantum computers. Gillett noted that errors in quantum bits, or qubits, present unique challenges due to their fragile nature. Her team is focused on implementing error-correcting algorithms on practical quantum computing chips.
In contrast, Mehul Malik from Heriot-Watt University shared insights from his role as head of the Beyond Binary Quantum Information research group. He emphasized the significance of quantum networks that can transmit individual quantum particles or entangled states over varying distances, which could revolutionize both computing and communication.
Sarah Alam Malik, a particle physicist at University College London, is investigating the use of quantum computing algorithms to enhance particle collision analysis, particularly in the search for dark matter. She aims to address fundamental questions about nature through quantum technology, driving research in groundbreaking directions.
Meanwhile, Muhammad Hamza Waseem, who studied electrical engineering in Pakistan, expressed his enthusiasm for the potential applications of quantum computing in natural language processing. He highlighted projects at Quantinuum, where he works on harnessing quantum systems for complex data processing.
Future Applications of Quantum Technology
During the panel discussion, the speakers forecasted various impactful applications of quantum technology over the next decade. Gillett pointed to IBM‘s ambitious roadmap, aiming to create a utility-scale, fault-tolerant quantum computer by the decade’s end. They plan to develop a system capable of supporting 2,000 logical qubits, which could enable groundbreaking simulations, including those related to black-hole dynamics.
Malik predicted that quantum networks would connect smaller quantum processors to form larger devices, enhancing capabilities in both computing and communication. He also noted the exciting possibilities of combining classical devices with quantum technologies, which could lead to advancements in fields like healthcare and telecommunications.
Alam Malik echoed these sentiments, emphasizing the potential for quantum computing to revolutionize physics through enhanced data analysis and simulation of particle collisions. She argued that quantum technology could provide fundamental insights into the nature of reality.
Waseem highlighted the educational impact of quantum theory, advocating for innovative teaching methods to make complex concepts accessible to younger generations. He has successfully implemented a new teaching approach that simplifies quantum concepts for high school students, demonstrating the feasibility of engaging younger learners.
Challenges Facing the Quantum Sector
As the discussion progressed, the panelists identified several key challenges facing the quantum sector. Gillett raised concerns about the urgent need to develop a substantial workforce. She underscored the importance of demystifying quantum computing for students at various educational levels, aiming to inspire future generations and ensure sufficient talent is available.
Malik pointed out the necessity of international collaboration in quantum research. He emphasized that a polarized and protectionist world could hinder progress, advocating for open cooperation similar to that seen in the early development of the Internet.
Alam Malik cautioned against the hype surrounding quantum technology, drawing parallels with the artificial intelligence boom. She stressed the importance of managing expectations and maintaining a realistic perspective on the transformative potential of quantum advancements.
Waseem also highlighted the crucial balance of funding between foundational research and applied technologies. He noted that many significant technological breakthroughs arise from foundational ideas that may not initially seem applicable.
As the conference concluded, the panelists expressed optimism about the future of quantum science and technology. They called for continued investment in education and research, emphasizing the need for a collaborative approach that transcends national boundaries. This sentiment reflects the overarching goal of the International Year of Quantum Science and Technology: to foster a global understanding of quantum physics and its myriad applications.
